USC Breakthrough in Quantum Computing
By Robert Perkins
 |
| a quantum computer relies on a quantum particle’s ability to be both here and there |
Scientists have taken the next major step toward quantum computing. Using quantum mechanics, quantum computers capitalize on the mind-bending properties of quantum particles to perform complex calculations that are impossible for today’s traditional computers.
Using high-magnetic fields, Susumu Takahashi, assistant professor at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, and his colleagues managed to suppress decoherence, one of the key stumbling blocks in quantum computing.
“High-magnetic fields reduce the level of the noises in the surroundings so they can constrain the decoherence very efficiently,” Takahashi said. Decoherence has been described as a “quantum bug” that destroys fundamental properties that quantum computers would rely on.
Quantum computing uses quantum bits, or qubits, to encode information in the form of ones and zeros. Unlike traditional computers that use traditional bits, quantum computers take advantage of the seemingly impossible fact that qubits can exist in multiple states at the same time, which is called “superposition.”
While a bit can represent either a one or a zero, a qubit can represent a one and a zero at the same time due to superposition. This allows for simultaneous processing of calculations in a truly parallel system, skyrocketing computing ability. Though the concepts underpinning quantum computing are not new, problems such as decoherence have hindered the construction of a fully functioning quantum computer.
Think of decoherence as a form of noise or interference, knocking a quantum particle out of superposition, robbing it of that special property that makes it so useful. If a quantum computer relies on a quantum particle’s ability to be both here and there, then decoherence is the frustrating phenomenon that causes a quantum particle to be either here or there.
University of British Columbia researchers calculated all sources of decoherence in their experiment as a function of temperature, magnetic field and nuclear isotopic concentration, and suggested the optimum condition to operate qubits, reducing decoherence by approximately 1,000 times. In Takahashi’s experiments, qubits were predicted to last about 500 microseconds at the optimum condition.
Decoherence in qubit systems falls into two general categories. One is an intrinsic decoherence caused by constituents in the qubit system, and the other is an extrinsic decoherence caused by imperfections of the system -- impurities and defects, for example.
In their study, Takahashi and his colleagues investigated single crystals of molecular magnets. Because of their purity, molecular magnets eliminate the extrinsic decoherence, allowing researchers to calculate intrinsic decoherence precisely.
“For the first time, we’ve been able to predict and control all the environmental decoherence mechanisms in a very complex system -- in this case a large magnetic molecule,” said Phil Stamp, University of British Columbia professor of physics and astronomy and director of the Pacific Institute of Theoretical Physics.
Using crystalline molecular magnets allowed researchers to build qubits out of an immense quantity of quantum particles rather than a single quantum object -- the way most proto-quantum computers are built at the moment.
“This will obviously increase signals from the qubit drastically so the detection of the qubit in the molecular magnets is much easier,” said Takahashi, who conducted his research as a project scientist in the Institute of Terahertz Science and Technology and the Department of Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Takahashi has been at USC Dornsife since 2010.
